Objective: To investigate the association between respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)/human rhinovirus (HRV) infection and recurrent wheezing in children. Methods: Children under 5 years old hospitalized for first wheezing episode at Children's Hospital of Soochow University (Nov 2022–Apr 2023) were enrolled. Nasopharyngeal secretions were collected for respiratory pathogen detection and cytokine analysis (IL-33, IL-2, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-13, IL-5, IL-4, IFN-γ, TSLP, CXCL10, CCL5). Guardians were followed up via outpatient visits or telephone at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 months post-discharge. Results: 1. A total of 157 children were included,consisting of 114 males (72.6%) and 43 females (27 .4%). 2. Pathogen detection results showed 50 (31.8%) RSV , 41 (26.1%) HRV , 12 (7 .6%) influenza A , 8 (5.1%)metapneumovirus , 4 (2.5%) parainfluenza virus , 2 (1.3%) bocavirus , 2 (1.3%) Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and 1 (0.6%) influenza B. 3. 3 (6.0%) had 1 wheezing episode, 7 (14.0%) had 2 episodes, and 25 (50.0%) had recurrent wheezing (≥3 episodes) in RSV-infected children. CCL5 was an independent risk factor for recurrent wheezing in RSV-infected children (OR = 1.010, 95% CI: 1.018–1.105). 4. 11 (26.8%) had 1 wheezing episode, 6 (14.6%) had 2 episodes, and 16 (38.8%) had recurrent wheezing (≥3 episodes) in HRV-infected children. CXCL10 was a risk factor for recurrent wheezing in HRV-infected children (OR = 1.003, 95% CI: 1.000–1.005). Conclusions: 1. At 18-month follow-up, the recurrent wheezing rates were 50% (RSV) and 38.8% (HRV) respectively . 2. CCL5 and CXCL10 are independent risk factors for recurrent wheezing after RSV and HRV infection, respectively .